No nā kaukani makahiki, hiki i nā kānaka ke hoʻohana wale i nā makana o ke ʻano: metala, lāʻau, ʻōpala, resin… Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o ka tennis papaʻaina, ʻike koke ka poʻe me ka mana o ka polymer chemistry, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻātoma kalapona ma ka makemake a hydrogen atoms, e hana ana i na mea hou i ike mua ole ia ma ka Honua.
ʻO ka ʻenehana nitrocellulose synthetic no ka hana ʻana i ka celluloid kahi ʻanuʻu i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻenehana plastik mai ka 0 a hiki i ka 1, a i ka nānā ʻana i kēia lā, he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō kēia i ka hele lōʻihi.Ua hana ʻo Hyatt i kahi "hoʻololi hoʻololi" ma luna o nā pulupulu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waikawa nitric, no laila ua haki ʻia kēia mau celluloses macromolecular a hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia i kahi ala hou, a ua hānau hou ʻia nā mea kanu maʻamau.hanau hou.Eia naʻe, he polymer ka cellulose, a hoʻoponopono hou ka celluloid i ka cellulose, a ʻaʻole hana i ka cellulose ma ka pae mole.Ke aʻo nei mākou i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā molekala, he aha ke ʻano o nā mea kilokilo e loaʻa iā mākou?

ʻAʻole pono mākou e kali lōʻihi.He 4 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope o ko Hyatt loaʻa ʻana me celluloid, ua hoʻohana ʻo Adolf von Baeyer i ka formaldehyde a me ka phenol e hana i kahi plastic hou loa: phenolic resin.I ka manawa like, ua wehe ʻia kahi aʻo hou o ke kemika: polymerization.Ma ke kahua o ka kemika organik, ʻo ka polymerization kahi ʻano kilokilo ʻeleʻele e hoʻohuli ai i kahi pōhaku i gula.Hoʻopili ʻo ia i nā molekole formaldehyde a me nā molekole phenol i loko o kahi ʻupena nui, a hope loa e hānau i kahi kāne nui ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i kona makuakāne formaldehyde a me kona makuahine phenol.henolic resin.

Ma ka ʻoihana ʻoihana, kapa ʻia ka plastic resin phenolic "bakelite" no ka mea he insulating, anti-static, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela.He mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻololi insulating, i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻā i nā kukui i kēlā me kēia lā me ka hopohopo ʻole i ka haʻalulu uila.Mai ke aniani akaka, paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana i ka mea kupanaha o kēia huahana: ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻāpana bakelite he mole nui, he mole nui e paʻa i ka poho lima!
I ko mākou manaʻo, he mea liʻiliʻi loa ka mole mai ka wā kahiko.Aia ma kahi kulu wai ma kahi o 1.67 × 10 21 mau mole wai.ʻO nā mea maka o ka resin phenolic, formaldehyde a me ka phenol, he mau molekole liʻiliʻi a ʻike ʻole ʻia, me nā paona molekala o 30 a me 94, kēlā me kēia, akā inā makemake ʻoe e nīnau i ke kaumaha molekala o ka resin phenolic, pono ʻoe e huki i iwakālua a kanakolu mau zeros ma hope. 1.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana.Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike i ka mana weliweli nui o ka hopena polymerization, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolilo i 10 kekona e nānā i ka hopena polymerization pahū ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka p-nitroaniline a me ka sulfuric acid concentrated.ʻO ka haʻina hapa hapalua o nā kīʻaha liʻiliʻi ma ke kiʻi ma ka hema e hoʻonui mālie a uahi ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, a ʻo nā molekala p-nitroaniline e cross-link a polymerize ma kahi ulu ulu.ʻO ka hope, hū ka lua pele ma lalo o 1 kekona, a ulu mai kahi kumulāʻau nani mai kahi ʻole.Optimus Prime.ʻOiai ke nānā aku nei ka ikaika o kēia kia pōʻeleʻele, ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o ka ʻōniʻoniʻo a me ka porous i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka p-nitroaniline sulfonate, a e lilo ia i lehu me kahi ʻomi iki.

Mahalo i ka hopena polymerization, i loko o nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua puka mai ka nui o nā plastik "poly" kaulana i ka ʻoihana kemika: polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, Polyester…
He aha?Ke ʻōlelo nei ʻoe ʻaʻole ʻoe i ʻike i kēia mau inoa ʻano ʻē?ʻAʻole maikaʻi, naʻu nō e unuhi iā ʻoe.
Polyamide (ʻike pū ʻia ʻo Nylon): Hoʻomohala ʻia e DuPont i ka makahiki 1930, ka fiber synthetic mua o ka honua, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā mea hoʻokūkū no kahi kokoke i 100 mau makahiki.

Polyethylene: ʻO ka plastic i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā.

Polystyrene (ʻike pū ʻia ʻo Poly Dragon): pono no ka lawe ʻana a me nā ʻelele

Polypropylene: pale i ka wela a hiki i 140°C, a ʻaʻole e pane me nā ʻakika, alkalis, a me nā paʻakai, a ʻo ia ke koho mua no nā pahu ʻaina microwave.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (ʻike pū ʻia ʻo Teflon): ʻike ʻia ʻo "King of Plastics", hiki ke hana maʻamau i ka laulā o -180 ~ 250 ℃, a aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a pau, ʻoiai i loko o ka aqua regia i hoʻolapalapa ʻia.E hoʻopili wale i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi ma lalo o ka pā e hoʻololi iā ia i pan kiʻekiʻe non-stick

Polyester fiber (polyester): piha i ka elasticity, wrinkle-resistant, non-iron, mildew-resistant, aneane loaʻa nā lole a pau i kūʻai ʻia ma ka waiwai, ʻoi aku ka lole haʻuki.

Polyurethane: Hoʻohanohano ʻia e Bayer i ka makahiki 1937, loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka pale ʻana i ka paia.Akā ʻoi aʻe paha ʻoe i ka puke 0.01 mm i kou ola i kēlā me kēia lā.

Inā wau i haʻi aku iā ʻoe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka meaʻai, ka lole, ka hale a me ka lawe ʻana mai ka plastic, malia paha e nānā mai nā poʻe he nui iaʻu me nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha.ʻAe, nui loa, nui loa ke ʻike, nui loa e poina, ke ola nei mākou i loko o ka honua plastik i kēlā me kēia lā.Hoʻomoʻa mākou i loko o nā ipu ʻili, ʻai i loko o nā pahu plastik, inu i nā ʻōmole ʻili, holoi i loko o nā kīʻaha plastik, ʻauʻau i loko o nā ʻauʻau ʻauʻau, ʻaʻahu i nā lole pulupulu no ka hele ʻana i waho, hoʻokele 50% i nā kaʻa ʻilika no ka hana, wehe ʻia i ka kamepiula kamepiula, paʻi i kēia ʻatikala. ma kahi kīpē palaki — a ke heluhelu nei ʻoe i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kāu kelepona palaki.
I kēia manawa, ua hana ʻia nā kaukani plastic a puni ka honua.ʻAʻole hiki ke helu ʻia nā helu kikoʻī, a ʻaʻohe kumu helu helu, no ka mea, puka mai nā kakini a i ʻole haneli o nā plastics hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a i kēlā me kēia minuke a me kēlā me kēia kekona, hoʻomaikaʻi nā limahana R&D i ke ʻano a me ke kaʻina hana o nā plastics i loko o ka hale hana.Mai ka celluloid plastik mua i hana nui ʻia, ua hana mākou i 7 biliona tona o ka plastik, a inā i hana ʻia i kaula, hiki iā ia ke ʻōwili i ka honua a puni ka honua-he nui?Hana mākou i kēia manawa he 1 biliona toni o ka plastic i kēlā me kēia 3 makahiki.No ka ʻoihana kemika plastic 140 makahiki, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka.
I ka pau ʻana o ke kanaka, e ʻike ka poʻe kālaihonua malihini i nā ʻike o ko mākou ola ʻana ma ka moʻolelo honua - nā pōhaku pōhaku.Hoʻohui ʻia ka plastik me nā pōhaku, ʻiliʻili, a me nā pūpū, a komo i loko o ke kai e lilo i mea hoʻomanaʻo mau loa o ka honua.E like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka calcium carbonate i nā mōʻalihaku Cretaceous a me nā dinosaur i hōʻailona ʻia i ka Jurassic, ua hōʻailona kēia ʻano pōhaku ʻilika i kahi makahiki honua hou: ka Anthropocene.Manaʻo ka poʻe manaʻo maikaʻi ʻo ka hana ʻana i ka plastic ka holomua e like me ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lāʻau no ka hana ʻana i ke ahi a me nā mea hana pōhaku.Hōʻike ia i ka hoʻomaopopo hope ʻana o ke kanaka i ke ʻano o ka mea a loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke uha i nā kaulahao o ke ʻano a kūkulu i kahi honua hou ʻaʻole i ʻike mua ʻia;aʻo kekahi poʻe, inaina.Kāhea ʻia ʻo ia ka "weliweli keʻokeʻo", "ka mea i hana ʻia o ka make" a me "ka moeʻuhane kanaka o ke kenekulia 21".
ʻO ka ʻenehana i hana i ka pōʻai ping pong

ʻO kā mākou hui kūikawā i ka hoʻopilikinonā huahana palaki, ua hana mākou me nā huahana plastik no 23 mau makahiki, a ua lawa loa kā mākou ʻike