1. E hoʻohana i ka hoʻohālikelike

Wahi a nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohana like ʻole o nā plastics like ʻole, ua māhele pinepine ʻia nā plastics i ʻekolu mau ʻano: plastics maʻamau, plastics engineering a me nā plastics kūikawā.

①Pila maʻamau

ʻO ka mea maʻamau e pili ana i nā plastics me ka hoʻopuka nui, ka noi ākea, ka formability maikaʻi a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.ʻElima ʻano o nā plastik maʻamau, ʻo ia ka polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) a me ka copolymer acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS).ʻO kēia mau ʻano plastics ʻelima ka helu no ka hapa nui o nā mea plastik, a ʻo ke koena hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā ʻano plastik kūikawā, e like me: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, etc., hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā huahana ola o kēlā me kēia lā. liʻiliʻi loa, ka mea nui Ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā kula kiʻekiʻe e like me ka ʻenehana ʻenehana a me ka ʻenehana pale aupuni, e like me nā kaʻa, aerospace, kūkulu, a me nā kamaʻilio.E like me kāna hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka plasticity, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā plastics i thermoplastics a me thermosetting plastics.Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, hiki ke hana hou ʻia nā huahana thermoplastic, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā plastic thermosetting.E like me nā waiwai optical o nā plastics, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā mea ʻike maka, translucent a me nā opaque maka, e like me PS, PMMA, AS, PC, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mau plastics transparent , A ʻo ka hapa nui o nā plastics he opaque plastics.

Nā waiwai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā plastic i hoʻohana mau ʻia:

1. Polyethylene:

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka polyethylene maʻamau i ka polyethylene haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (LDPE), polyethylene kiʻekiʻe (HDPE) a me ka polyethylene haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa laina (LLDPE).Ma waena o nā mea ʻekolu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka HDPE i ka wela, ka uila a me ka mechanical, ʻoiai ʻo LDPE a me LLDPE ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka maʻalahi, nā waiwai hopena, nā waiwai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, etc. , ʻoiai ʻo HDPE ka nui o nā noi, e like me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā paipu, a me nā mea e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā.

2. Polypropylene:

Ma ka ʻōlelo pili, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka polypropylene, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me kahi ākea ākea.ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano he homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) a me random copolymer polypropylene (rapp).E like me ka palapala noi Homopolymerization ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kahua o ke kaha kiʻi uwea, fiber, injection, BOPP film, etc. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka polypropylene i nā huahana māmā, nā huahana kiʻekiʻe, nā paipu hana kiʻekiʻe, etc.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Ma muli o kāna mau kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me nā mea e pale ai i ka lapalapa ahi ponoʻī, loaʻa iā ia ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahua kūkulu, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā paipu hili, nā puka kila plastik a me nā puka makani, nā papa, nā ʻili hana, etc.

4. Polystyrene:

E like me ke ʻano o ka mea ʻike maka, inā pono ka ʻike, he ākea ka hoʻohana ʻana, e like me nā pale kukui kaʻa, nā ʻāpana aniani i kēlā me kēia lā, nā kīʻaha aniani, nā kini, etc.

5. ABS:

He plastik ʻenekinia maʻalahi me nā waiwai mechanical physical a me ka wela.Hoʻohana nui ia i nā mea hana hale, panels, masks, assemblies, accessories, etc., ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hana hale, e like me nā mīkini holoi, air conditioners, refrigerators, electric fan, etc. hoʻololi palaki.

②Enekinia plastik

ʻO ka mea maʻamau e pili ana i nā plastics hiki ke kū i kahi ikaika o waho, loaʻa nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa dimensional, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā hale ʻenekinia, e like me ka polyamide a me ka polysulfone.I loko o ka ʻenekinia plastics, ua māhele ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: nā plastic engineering maʻamau a me nā plastic engineering kūikawā.Hiki i nā plastic plastics ke hoʻokō i nā koi kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā waiwai mechanical, ka lōʻihi, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, a me ka pale wela, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana a hiki ke pani i nā mea metala.Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā plastic plastics i ka uila a me ka uila, kaʻa, ke kūkulu ʻana, nā lako keʻena, nā mīkini, aerospace a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastic no ke kila a me ka plastic no ka lāʻau ua lilo i mea maʻamau honua.

ʻO nā plastic engineering maʻamau ka: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer, etc.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā plastik ʻenekinia kūikawā i nā ʻano pili kea a me nā ʻano pili ʻole.ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide cross-linked, epoxy resin pale wela a pēlā aku.ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o ka crosslinked: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) a pēlā aku.

③Pila kūikawā

ʻO ka maʻamau e pili ana i nā plastics i loaʻa nā hana kūikawā a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi kūikawā e like me ka mokulele a me ka aerospace.No ka laʻana, loaʻa i nā fluoroplastics a me nā silicones ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka lubricating ponoʻī a me nā hana kūikawā ʻē aʻe, a ʻo nā plastics i hoʻoikaika ʻia a me nā plastics foamed he mau waiwai kūikawā e like me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka cushioning kiʻekiʻe.Aia kēia mau plastic i ka māhele o nā plastics kūikawā.

a.ʻO ka plastic i hoʻoikaika ʻia:

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻili i hoʻoikaika ʻia i loko o ka granular (e like me ka plastic plastic reinforced plastic), fiber (e like me ke aniani fiber a i ʻole ka lole aniani i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka plastic), a me ka flake (e like me ka mica reinforced plastic) i ka helehelena.Wahi a ka mea, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā plastics i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lole (e like me ka rag reinforced a i ʻole asbestos reinforced plastics), inorganic mineral filled plastics (e like me ka quartz a me ka mica filled plastics), a me ka fiber reinforced plastics (e like me ka carbon fiber reinforced. plastics).

b.ʻūhā:

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā plastic foam i ʻekolu mau ʻano: ʻoʻoleʻa, semi-rigid a me nā ʻano maʻalahi.ʻAʻohe hiki ke hoʻololi i ka huʻa ʻoʻoleʻa, a he nui loa kona paʻakikī paʻa.E hoʻololi wale ia ke hiki i kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻi i kona kūlana mua ma hope o ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ke kaumaha.Hiki ke maʻalahi ka ʻōhū paʻa, me ka paʻakikī paʻakikī haʻahaʻa, a maʻalahi hoʻi e deform.Hoʻihoʻi i ke kūlana mua, liʻiliʻi ke koena deformation;ʻo ka maʻalahi a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōhū semi-rigid ma waena o nā huʻa paʻa a palupalu.

ʻElua, hoʻohālikelike kino a me kemika

Ma muli o nā ʻano kino like ʻole a me nā waiwai kemika o nā plastik like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā plastics i ʻelua ʻano: plastics thermosetting a me thermoplastic plastics.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): pili i nā plastics e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, hiki ke kahe i loko o ka poʻi ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, a laila heheʻe ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana;Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu e hana i nā hoʻololi hoʻololi (ke wai ←→paʻa), ʻae ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia he hoʻololi kino.Hoʻohana mau nā thermoplastics maʻamau ma lalo o 100°C.ʻO ka polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, a me ka polystyrene ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā plastics maʻamau ʻehā.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā plastic thermoplastic i nā hydrocarbons, vinyls me nā genes polar, engineering, cellulose a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.He palupalu ke wela, a paakiki ke hoomaalili.Hiki ke hoʻopalupalu pinepine ʻia a paʻakikī a mālama i kekahi ʻano.Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe a loaʻa iā ia ka waiwai o ka hoʻoheheʻe a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.Loaʻa i nā Thermoplastics ka hoʻokaʻawale uila maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) loaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa dielectric mau a me ka nalowale dielectric.No ke alapine kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe voltage insulation mea.He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā Thermoplastics, akā he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka pale ʻana i ka wela a maʻalahi ke kolo.'Oko'a ka degere o ka kolo me ka haawe, ka wela o ke kaiapuni, ka solvent, a me ka ha'aha'a.I mea e lanakila ai i kēia mau nāwaliwali o ka thermoplastics a hoʻokō i nā pono o nā noi ma nā ʻano o ka ʻenehana ākea a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ikehu hou, ke kūkulu nei nā ʻāina āpau i nā resins wela hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me ka polyether ether ketone (PEEK) a me ka polyether sulfone ( PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), etc. ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui e hoʻohana ana iā lākou e like me ka resins matrix i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa kemika, hiki ke thermoformed a welded, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili interlaminar ma mua o nā resins epoxy.No ka laʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polyether ether ketone ma ke ʻano he matrix resin a me ke kalapona kalapona e hana i kahi mea hoʻohui, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka luhi ma mua o ka epoxy/carbon fiber.Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa hopena maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa creep maikaʻi i ka mahana o ka lumi, a me ka processability maikaʻi.Hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia ma 240-270°C.He mea hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe kūpono.ʻO ka mea hoʻohui i hana ʻia me ka polyethersulfone e like me ka matrix resin a me ka carbon fiber he ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī ma 200 ° C, a hiki ke mālama i ka hopena maikaʻi i ka -100 ° C;ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia, ka uahi liʻiliʻi, a me ka pale ʻana i ka radiation.ʻAe, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea nui o kahi mokulele, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi radome, etc.

ʻO nā plastic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka formaldehyde me nā plastik phenolic, nā plastik amino (e like me ka urea-formaldehyde-melamin-formaldehyde, etc.).ʻO nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia i ke keʻa ʻē aʻe he polyesters unsaturated, epoxy resins, a me phthalic diallyl resins.

(2) ʻO ka plastic thermosetting

ʻO nā plastic thermosetting e pili ana i nā plastics hiki ke ho'ōla ʻia ma lalo o ka wela a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me nā plastik phenolic, nā plastik epoxy, a pēlā aku.Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi huahana infusible a insoluble hoʻōla ʻia, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā molekala resin i loko o kahi ʻano pūnaewele e kahi ʻano laina.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela e hoʻopōʻino a luku.ʻO nā plastic thermosetting maʻamau ka phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā plastic polydipropylene phthalate hou.Loaʻa iā lākou nā pōmaikaʻi o ka pale wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kū'ē i ka deformation i ka wā wela.ʻO ka hemahema, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika mechanical, akā hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ikaika mechanical ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻopihapiha e hana i nā mea laminated a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

ʻO nā plastic thermosetting i hana ʻia me ka resin phenolic ma ke ʻano he kumu nui, e like me ka plastic molded phenolic (ʻike mau ʻia ʻo Bakelite), paʻa, paʻa ke ʻano, a kūpaʻa i nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe koe ka alkali ikaika.Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻopiha a me nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole e like me nā hoʻohana like ʻole a me nā koi.No nā ʻano like ʻole e koi ana i ka hana insulation kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mica a i ʻole ke aniani fiber i mea hoʻopiha;no nā ʻano like ʻole e koi ai i ka pale wela, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka asbestos a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻopiha wela ʻē aʻe;no nā ʻano like ʻole e koi ana i ke kūpaʻa seismic, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā fibers kūpono a i ʻole ka lāʻau lapaʻau i mea hoʻopihapiha A me kekahi mau mea hoʻoikaika paʻakikī e hana i nā mea ikaika kiʻekiʻe.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā resins phenolic i hoʻololi ʻia e like me aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, a me polyvinyl acetal e hoʻokō i nā koi o nā noi like ʻole.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā resins phenolic e hana i nā laminates phenolic, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e ka ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe, nā waiwai uila maikaʻi, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, a me ka hana maʻalahi.Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā lako uila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

ʻO nā aminoplasts ka urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde a pēlā aku.Loaʻa iā lākou nā mea maikaʻi o ke ʻano paʻakikī, ka pale ʻana i ka ʻōpala, ke kala ʻole, ka translucent, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.No ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka aila a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā alkalina nāwaliwali a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik (akā, ʻaʻole kūpaʻa i ka waikawa), hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma 70 ° C no ka manawa lōʻihi, a hiki ke kū i ka 110 a 120 ° C i ka wā pōkole, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia. e hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana uila.ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka plastic melamine-formaldehyde ma mua o ka plastic urea-formaldehyde, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale wai, ka wela, a me ka pale arc.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea insulating arc-resistant.

Nui nā ʻano o nā plastik thermosetting i hana ʻia me ka epoxy resin ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu, ma waena o 90% e pili ana i ka bisphenol A epoxy resin.Loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana, ka insulation uila, ka pale ʻana i ka wela a me ke kūpaʻa kemika, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka absorption wai, a me ka ikaika mechanical maikaʻi.

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka polyester unsaturated a me ka resin epoxy i FRP, nona ka ikaika mechanical maikaʻi loa.No ka laʻana, ʻo ke aniani fiber reinforced plastic i hana ʻia me ka polyester unsaturated, maikaʻi nā waiwai mechanical a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ʻo 1/5 a 1/4 wale nō o ke kila, 1/2 o ka alumini), a ua maʻalahi ke hana i nā ʻāpana uila.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai uila a me nā mīkini o nā plastik i hana ʻia me ka dipropylene phthalate resin ma mua o ka phenolic a me ka amino thermosetting plastics.He haʻahaʻa ka hygroscopicity, ka nui o ka huahana paʻa, ka hana hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa a me ka alkali, ka wai paila a me kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe organik.He kūpono ka hui hoʻoheheʻe ʻana no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana me ke ʻano paʻakikī, ke kūpaʻa wela a me ka insulation kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi i ka pae wela o -60～180 ℃, a hiki i ka pae wela wela ke hiki i ka pae F a H, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pale wela o nā phenolic a me nā plastik amino.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā plastic silicone i ke ʻano o ka polysiloxane structure i ka uila a me ka ʻenehana uila.Hoʻoikaika nui ʻia nā plastic laminated silicone me ka lole aniani;ʻO nā plastic molded silicone ka hapa nui i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka fiber aniani a me ka asbestos, i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana kū i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ke alapine kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​motika submersible, nā mea uila, a me nā mea uila.Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano plastic e kona mau dielectric haʻahaʻa a me ka waiwai tgδ, a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka alapine.Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻoihana uila a me ka uila e pale aku i ka corona a me nā arcs.ʻOiai ke kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka decomposition, ʻo ka huahana he silicon dioxide ma mua o ka conductive carbon black..Hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia ʻano mea ma 250°C.ʻO nā hemahema nui o ka polysilicone he haʻahaʻa ikaika mechanical, haʻahaʻa adhesiveness a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻaila.Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā polymers silicone i hoʻololi ʻia, e like me ka polyester modified silicone plastics a ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻenehana uila.ʻO kekahi mau plastics he thermoplastic a me thermosetting plastics.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka polyvinyl chloride maʻamau he thermoplastic.Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Iapana i kahi ʻano hou o ka polyvinyl chloride wai i thermoset a loaʻa ka mahana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o 60 a 140°C.ʻO kahi plastik i kapa ʻia ʻo Lundex ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona thermoplastic processing, a me nā waiwai kino o nā plastic thermosetting.

① ʻO nā plastic hydrocarbon.

He plastic non-polar ia, i māhele ʻia i ka crystalline a me ka non-crystalline.ʻO nā plastic hydrocarbon crystalline ka polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., a me nā plastics hydrocarbon non-crystalline me ka polystyrene, etc.

②Pikika Vinyl i loaʻa nā genes polar.

Ma waho aʻe o nā fluoroplastics, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mau kino aniani ʻole, me ka polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, etc. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā monomer vinyl hiki ke polymerized me nā catalysts radical.

③Pila ʻenekinia Thermoplastic.

Nui nā polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, etc. Polytetrafluoroethylene.Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka polypropylene i hoʻololi ʻia, etc.

④ ʻO nā plastic cellulose thermoplastic.

ʻO ka nui o ka cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane a pēlā aku.

Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i nā mea plastik a pau ma luna.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ka PP meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau no nā huahana likepuna. ʻO ka pipettehana ʻia me ka HDPE mea, a me kahōʻike TubeʻO ka maʻamau i hana ʻia me ka lāʻau lapaʻau PP a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea PS.Loaʻa iā mākou nā huahana he nui, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea like ʻole, no ka mea he apoʻomea hana, aneane hiki ke hana ʻia nā huahana plastik a pau